X,cWfb4WVBi(BjU@|vWZCUosBzIM@qgasNkr"WvB|kP,O}}sQm$,Z).iV|cv\9;S~tgrF|gO,Y$TajG@kF,O$|QsS~rFkYVzjJz YTajGQ*$^"WoG,O7"WuF}oL`’CɗW@ ͞RY’CɗAʒMɎ YŗA YߖRŜO2YB>9I?`CMgB!{:FF5 Dc^ $\3$~$j$ _7Y(NmF[3Fc^P4NN5F Q-JtJi3B% \a*pTzD|/RahDj1N$`5KvJaL`)gaB$Dl"Da'C. NpUqJqDx'YnQoWj _1n\o B3 Y$. mFBc^mFX2B/-O{Fr]r!u&wVs \rRn] ᣄAd+2025-02-27 00:18:22 info: [Puppeteer Page] Got cookies, applying... )MnT\FnyxUnTiP)LOD)LN4a)ZnGl)-d{QnF[SVVsVWd]xZ{XbS%Xv- v4'ǹܹүй讕󙐀ڹֻ¬ùҁزũҸسүخֻʡhh2025-02-27 00:18:22 info: [Puppeteer Page] Set 0 cookies on the page hhФD։ D Ҥ\Τ\$JΑ=FF܋ h竆fh69o(?(=$"?= 6=o8owo>otȎ uȏ{t-X,Mώ8MYn}] JF[ Z JFJP ,k/Z LRrBdN LM+HLZHP DH Th)jq29zdz(4!}#ajbh"9(=b}4+oCdz(%&n"rovp3kt;qmhvu'pqTimely and accurate detection of events affecting the stability and reliability of power transmission systems is crucial for safe grid operation. This paper presents an efficient unsupervised machine-learning algorithm for event detection using a combination of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and convolutional autoencoders (CAE) with synchrophasor phasor measurements. These measurements are collected from a hardware-in-the-loop testbed setup equipped with a digital real-time simulator. Using DWT, the detail coefficients of measurements are obtained. Next, the decomposed data is then fed into the CAE that captures the underlying structure of the transformed data. Anomalies are identified when significant errors are detected between input samples and their reconstructed outputs. We demonstrate our approach on the IEEE-14 bus system considering different events such as generator faults, line-to-line faults, line-to-ground faults, load shedding, and line outages simulated on a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The proposed implementation achieves a classification accuracy of 97.7%, precision of 98.0%, recall of 99.5%, F1 Score of 98.7%, and proves to be efficient in both time and space requirements compared to baseline approaches.

}, year = {2023}, journal = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP),}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Nashville, TN}, isbn = {979-8-3503-2281-1}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10207595}, doi = {10.1109/SMARTCOMP58114.2023.00080}, } AXSHâFգDĿZҩFg㒚dNãBLȶDMǷQVԢMBԳPϪ ^Initia# WARC writing for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/bibcite/contributor/899 Vc2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Initialised a new warc writer  m>p53g{.D h"%gm<֘rgy ֘+\֎+(z$+J*`"h+l7J0l+~$)6leق9kĚ0pÀt86Ӭ]E N2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Iterating requests 2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/bibcite/contributor/899 o2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] No response available for https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-6XRDN1DZR9 - skipping its 'seen' hash generation... SC6CC$CC1<A︐  ONೕ^&3%A FODʌga2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/sites/isis.vanderbilt.edu/files/css/css_VbDoS4kOFEMCxLPtf8HnI5xFL6s-NwcnEKopkVhN8bk.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=isis_refactor&include=eJwtxmEKgCAMBtALmTtSTP2ywVRwq_D2QfTn8TIreuFJ-U_0Ew1BTGyfODj7mFR1JNbNfKn0GmyZo1FiQ7gFj9FnbKNcihdJrSBb ۋ2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/sites/isis.vanderbilt.edu/files/css/css_WauqN7THVoMqjFE7WjcGr1FFLMjjBEDwdR0XPLt7gRc.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=isis_refactor&include=eJwtxmEKgCAMBtALmTtSTP2ywVRwq_D2QfTn8TIreuFJ-U_0Ew1BTGyfODj7mFR1JNbNfKn0GmyZo1FiQ7gFj9FnbKNcihdJrSBb ވ2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/sites/isis.vanderbilt.edu/files/js/js_Um4EFJyaf0noIQ-bBsOR5j4PLFhS2_2UbDdEK_Wg5b0.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=isis_refactor&include=eJxLz89Pz0mNT8xLzKksyUwu1k9HE9DJLM4sji9KTUtMLskv0k8pSixPLcIqqJubmleKJpORmpiCoRwiCFYOAKpMMjg ه2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/themes/custom/isis_refactor/images/isis-logo.png 2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/themes/custom/isis_refactor/images/vanderbilt_university_logo.png 2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Generating Cathode 'seen' hash for https://isis.vanderbilt.edu/themes/custom/isis_refactor/css/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2 ه2025-02-27 00:18:21 info: [Puppeteer Page] Completed iteration ޜ\NB͏ֈވٌهݜ\NB͏ֈވٌهܜ\NB͏ֈވٌهۜ\NB͏ֈވٌهڜ\ÜSSwD@ @SR̈́U DRDS ݍDN͏ۈ׊d؏bӮߎ\! Work at the Ind83SpSpSSpSSpSSpSSpSSpS S S S`SS`S S`S S`S S`S S`SS`S S`S